International Journal of Infection
Volume:2 Issue: 4, Oct 2015

Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) happens when the intracranial pressure increases for no obvious reason. But, some medication, metabolic and collagen vascular diseases such as lupus can cause pseudotumor cerebri..
Here, we presented a 14-year-old girl who referred to our hospital for fever, headache, vomiting and diplopia which has not respond to antibiotic therapy for acute meningitis. Finally, with more evaluations, we found that she had tuberculous Meningitis (TB)..
Although, the exact cause of pseudotumor cerebri in most individuals is unknown, but we should remind tuberculosis specially in endemic area for this infection..

Healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) that patients develop during the course of healthcare treatment are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide..
The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of HAIs in a tertiary-care teaching hospital in Zahedan, southeast Iran..
Patients and This was a cross-sectional study of patients admitted to Ali-Ibn-Abitalib Hospital, a tertiary-care teaching center, from March 2013 through March 2014. All patients admitted during this study period were examined by head nurses on a daily basis for detecting four types of HAIs: surgical site infection, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and bloodstream infection. All the identified HAIs were registered into the Iranian National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System Software. Pathogens were identified using standard microbiological methods, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion tests according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis..
A total of 16,140 patients were admitted to the hospital during the study period, including 162 found to have HAIs (approximately 1%). The majority (79.6%) of the HAIs were reported from the intensive care units (n = 129), followed by the medical wards (10.5%, n = 17) and obstetrics/gynecology ward (7.4%, n = 12). The most common site of infection was the respiratory tract (67.9%) followed by the urinary tract (13.6%). Among the pathogens isolated, Acinetobacter and Enterobacter were the most common (17.6%) followed by Escherichia coli (11%). Overall, multidrug resistance was observed in 95% of the isolates..
The HAI prevalence found in this study was lower than HAI rates reported in some other studies from Iran. The isolates showed high resistance to common antibiotics. Guidelines for improving HAI surveillance and stringent measures to reduce the prevalence of multidrug-resistant HAIs must be implemented to reduce the rate and the consequences of HAIs..

Hepatitis A is one of the most common types of viral hepatitis among children worldwide. Many infected individuals, especially younger children, are asymptomatic. It is usually transmitted by food or water contaminated with infected feces. Extra-hepatic manifestations of acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) are very rare..
We present a 14-year-old girl who was referred to our hospital due to jaundice, abdominal pain, weakness, and lethargy. After laboratory testing, HAV was confirmed in the patient. However, she had significant bradycardia with hypotension, which is very rare in HAV infection..
Hepatitis A causes an acute infection. The patients usually recover after a few weeks or months. Fulminant hepatitis can be observed in HAV infection but chronic infection does not exist. Extrahepatic complications and cardiac disorders are often reported in association with hepatitis C and B viruses, but they are very rare in HAV infections.

Context: The catheterization of a central venous catheter (CVC) may be needed due to different motives. However, that central venous catheterization has different risks such as infection, which leads to morbidity, mortality and assistant costs. Different measures to prevent catheter-related infection have been proposed..
Evidence Acquisition: Electronic medical data bases (including PubMed and Scopus) from first of January 1975 to 30th of July 2015 were searched. The key words used for the relevant articles search were catheter, venous, prevention, impregnated, bloodstream, chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine, rifampicin-minocycline, and rifampicin-miconazole. This review focuses on the evidence on the efficacy and efficiency of antimicrobial impregnated catheters for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI)..
The use of catheters impregnated in different antimicrobial agents has been found to be an effective and efficient measure for the prevention of CRBSI. Most antimicrobial agents used for such impregnation have been chlorhexidine silver sulfadiazine (CHSS), rifampicin-minocycline, and rifampicin-miconazole. The use of a CHSS or rifampicin-minocycline impregnated catheter in patients has been recommended by the current guidelines for the prevention of CRBSI when CVC is expected to remain in place for > 5 days and if the CRBSI rate has not decreased after implementation of a comprehensive strategy..
Based on the current knowledge, it can be assumed that the use of antimicrobial impregnated catheters could be considered in some clinical circumstances associated with higher risk of CRBSI, such as patients with a CVC in the internal jugular venous site with the presence of tracheostomy or in the femoral venous site..

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonized patients are at increased risk of developing MRSA infections..
This study was undertaken to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of anti-MRSA antibiotics for MRSA isolates from MRSA colonized patients..
Patients and From November 2009 to March 2011, a prospective study was performed in two emergency departments. Patients at high risk for MRSA colonization were identified, and MRSA surveillance cultures obtained. The MIC for anti-MRSA antibiotics in cultures from each patient was evaluated..
A total of 276 patients were assessed. Of these, 23.6% (65/276) were MRSA culture positive. The MIC 50 and MIC 90 for vancomycin with these MRSA isolates by E-test were both 2 µg/mL. The MIC 50 and MIC 90 for teicoplanin were 2 µg/mL and 3 µg/mL, respectively, among MRSA isolates. Nearly all (62/65, 95.4%) MRSA isolates were sensitive to trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole. Of all patients, 47.7% (31/65) of the MRSA isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, 40% (26/65) to minocycline, 13.8% (9/65) to clindamycin, 6.2% (4/65) to erythromycin, and 1.5% (1/65) to levofloxacin..
The average value of the vancomycin MIC for isolates from MRSA colonized patients was 2 µg/ml. trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole was the second most effective anti-MRSA oral antibiotic in vitro..

Indoor residual spraying (IRS), as one of the malaria control techniques, requires high spraying coverage and acceptance rate by householders, to be effective..
The main aim of the study was to assess the spraying acceptability and coverage rates in relation to acceptance and rejection reasons of the IRS program. Also, the householders’ perception about IRS benefits and satisfaction with the malaria prevention and knowledge of transmission pathways were estimated..
A cross-sectional survey was performed in endemic districts of Sistan-and Baluchistan province (south-east of Iran), in two years of 2013 and 2014. Data were collected by a validated questionnaire, through interviewing 834 household heads that were randomly selected from 40 villages, of four malarial sub-districts. To analyze the data, chi-squire test was performed, by using SPSS software (Version 18). The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05..
A total of 834 households’ heads were interviewed, with the mean age of 39.5 ± 15.4 years, 73.3% males and 26.7% females. The main sources of information, concerning IRS, were health care workers (51.4%). The IRS coverage and acceptance rates were 96.5% and 94%, respectively. Of the total number of participants, 95.3% of householders associated the disease transmission with mosquito bites and reported the use of insecticidal bed nets (90%) and IRS (74.1%), as important ways of malaria prevention..
The study showed that IRS coverage and acceptance rates were relatively high, which is essential in reaching malaria elimination. The information on malaria transmission and knowledge prevention measures showed that householders were, to a certain extent, familiar with the malaria control activities conducted by the health care service..

Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. This disease is neglected as a major public health problem because it is not a fatal disease. More than 20000 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases are reported annually in Iran. Based on Iran health ministry statistics, incidence rate in Sistan and Baluchestan province was 14 - 36 /100000 in 2011..
In this study, we tried to evaluate the incidence trend and epidemiology of CL in Sistan and Baluchistan province to provide better interventions..
Patients and This was a historical cohort study on population covered by Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. We evaluated all coetaneous leishmaniasis epidemiological data from April 2008 to March 2014..
During our six years study, we observed a significant decreasing incidence trend. Totally, 2863 CL cases were registered. Risk of disease in men was 1.4 times more than women and in rural areas was 2.9 times more than urban. Most patients were in age group below 5 years. Main CL centers were around Zahedan city and around Chabahar city and Konarak city..
Decreasing trend during recent six years reflects a partial success in leishmaniasis control, but update data regarding geographical CL distribution can guide our intervention effectively..